Wrong. As 1980 closes, his personal and professional lives have "failure" written all over them. He has two ex-wives, no money and no future. The "big bust" that would have made him sought after by book publishers, movie producers, big-name talk show hosts and news anchors has not materialized. He enters the depths of depression. His job has, in effect, given him a license to "get" anyone he wants, as long as nobody knows or cares who they are. He wants out—with pay.

The year before, O.J. Simpson, who was appearing daily in TV ads for Hertz rent-a-car running through airports, starred in a movie called Goldie and the Boxer. O.J. was the boxer. A little white girl was Goldie. Fuhrman had a tough time getting the image of the black football star and the little white girl out of his mind. Whenever he saw O.J. on television he thought about him with the young white girl. When he saw a little girl like the one who played Goldie, he thought about her with him. How could  he help it then? How can he help it now? The Jews who run Hollywood won't let him forget!

Fuhrman’s efforts to get a psychological disability retirement convinces his psychiatrists that: 1) He has faked his disability in order to rip off the system. 2) He had done enough homework on the subject of stress-related psychological disorders to believe that he can fool the experts. 3) He should not be allowed to carry a gun.

He finds out all he can about the star, right down to the clothes he wears and where he buys them. He spends extra time in airports. He learns that O.J.s "child bride" (with brown hair like the little girl in Airplane! dyed blond like the girl who played Goldie) was born in Germany. He learns that her mother was a pure Aryan, born and raised in Germany. He learns all about Nicole's and O.J.'s friends Al Cowlings, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Marcus Allen, who are as open about their relations with white women as O.J. is. Cowlings is dating Nicole’s sister, Denise.

Fuhrman's focus of action is narrowed by a movie called Guilty Conscience, a meeting with a screenwriter named Laura Hart, and a test of power between the LAPD’s Lt. Peggy York and the Police Protective League. Through the intervention of his union representative, he gets his way. By joining a gang/narcotics unit, he had hoped to find O.J. mixed up in cocaine trafficking. He does not succeed with that, but the job helps him to make some key contacts in the police serology lab and to recruit covert operatives with no known links to him or the Police Protective League—junkies.

Evidence is stored at police headquarters in downtown LA where security is a joke. This is why he can tell Laura Hart that he can create the evidence he needs after his arrests. He can’t do all of that right now, but he’s working on it. Soon, there won’t be any locked doors he can’t open.

He sees opportunity in striking up a friendship with a black cop called Ron Shipp who has a background in psychology and is known as a buddy of Simpson. Shipp is married, but tells his friends about the other women in his life. White women. Fuhrman toys with the idea of murdering O.J. and setting up Shipp, Nicole, and Denise for the fall. He, of course, would crack the case and become a media sensation. He’s open to whatever he can use to make a name for himself and to destroy O.J. Simpson as a man and a symbol. He doesn’t want to make him a martyr. That’s the problem with killing him outright. He has to find another way.

After arranging to meet O.J. and Nicole on a phantom domestic dispute call, he gets Nicole to use 911 in the future without having to say a word about it. The standard North American emergency number is written in bold letters on the rear quarter of his police car. All he has to do is take a pointed look at the rear quarter of his police squad car when O.J. isn't paying attention to him. Nicole is nobody's fool. She now has a sure way to keep O.J. in line. For Fuhrman it’s a great way to establish a motive for her and Shipp to kill O.J. The only question is, how many calls to 911 will it take to establish a pattern of spouse abuse?

In 1986, he expresses his feelings about mixed couples to Kathleen Bell in the most violent, racist terms when she casually mentions O.J.'s close friend, Marcus Allen. Not only did she tell him that her white girlfriend, Andrea Terry, was attracted to men like Allen, she thought that Fuhrman and Allen looked enough alike that Terry would like Fuhrman, too. That’s what made him so angry, the thought that anyone, especially a white woman, could think that he and a black man looked anything alike.

Still playing with ideas about O.J. and Nicole in 1987, he goes to Robbery Detective School with Ron Phillips and learns how the pros open locked doors with and without keys. Being a detective also gives him greater access to the evidence room and contacts in the lab through which he can learn all he needs to know about the lab’s personnel, its practices and its facilities. Now when he tells Laura Hart about the ease with which he can make evidence say whatever he wants it to, the evidence that he can do it is indisputable. The only safeguard against tampering by detectives is a key to a locked door in the police station, which any robbery detective would have to know how to circumvent.

His hopes of making it big in the movies through the producers Laura Hart has introduced him to are dashed in 1988 when he sees a caricature of himself in The Naked Gun paired with a nigger, America’s nigger, O.J. Simpson! He'd had every reason to believe that Frank Drebin, who seemed to bear no resemblance to him when he was created in 1982, had been permanently retired the same year. Now, after Laura Heart has paraded him in front of all those Jew producers he sees something in the character he hadn't seen before. He's sure that there's a connection. He feels humiliated and betrayed. He is no longer just thinking about murder, he’s thinking about Kathleen Bell and Markus Allen. He’s thinking about body doubles, the niggers on death row and the Jews who should be there. And he’s making real plans to get even.

On the first day of 1989, Nicole gets drunk at a party. She misinterprets a remark made by Marcus Allen’s wife to mean that O.J. bought an expensive gift for another woman. She knows that he is cheating on her but she could never prove it. Now that she thinks she has proof and O.J. is lying about it, she physically attacks him in their bedroom and accuses him of having sex with Michelle, their maid. During the scuffle, she bumps her head. O.J. grabs her in a headlock and forces her out of the bedroom shouting and cursing at her as he always does when he is extremely angry. She goes to the maid’s quarters from inside the house, cursing her and threatening her with great bodily harm.

From this point on her hatred of O.J.'s housekeeper will be barely restrained until she loses her temper again shortly before her death. It will begin with an argument in the backyard. Michelle will leave. Nicole will follow. With no further words between them, Nicole will punch her hard on the side of her face. That will be the first time she physically assaults the tiny woman when she's not her usual pleasant self. It will not be the first time she tried. The first time is now, on New Year's Day, 1989.

Michelle calls 911 while Nicole tries without success to enter her room. The line stays open as Nicole disappears and Michelle waits, hoping that she won’t have to follow through on the call and no one will learn that she made it. But Nicole has come out of the house and around to the side where she has used her master key to get in. Michelle screams in surprise and fear as Nicole swings at her but misses. She slaps Nicole as hard as she can. The blow lands on the side of Nicole's neck. Nicole snatches the phone from Michelle's hand and hangs it up as Michelle grabs her by the hair from behind. O.J. comes in, pushes Michelle aside and tussles with Nicole on Michelle's bed, ranting all the while. He forces her outside, takes her master key to keep her from getting back into Michelle's room and goes back to the main house. He locks her outside in her bra and sweatpants and returns in a huff to his own room unaware that anyone has called 911.

O.J. is as furious at Nicole's violent behavior as she is with his philandering. She's wrong about the specifics but right about his cheating in general. And now he won't let her in the house. And it's cold and damp. And she has already fallen down in the mud behind the garage outside of Michelle's door. She is so angry and frustrated she doesn't know which way to turn. What more can go wrong to start the new year?

Nicole sees a police car on Rockingham and hides in the bushes by the Ashford gate, afraid that they have come to get her for assaulting her weaker, smaller maid. To her horror, the police car turns the corner on Ashford and pulls up to the intercom post on the driveway. From her concealed position, she can see two uniformed officers. The male driver gets out of the car, rings the intercom and waits forever, in Nicole's mind, for a reply. Will it be O.J. or Michelle? Will they team up against her again? Did O.J. call some of his cop friends? Was there someone on the line when she got to the phone? What did they hear?

Cold and frightened, Nicole stays out of sight until Michelle answers the intercom. Officer Edwards identifies himself and asks what the problem is. This is the moment she's been dreading. Where can she go half-clothed if Michelle buzzes him in? Nowhere.

Michelle tells Edwards that there are no problems. He answers by telling her that a woman called 911 and said that she was being beaten. He says that he isn't going to leave until he speeks to her.

That's it! Nicole's way out, and her chance to hit back the way she'd tried to do with the calls she had actually made to 911. She realizes that she must have some marks on her body that match the officer's idea of what had happened and Michelle didn't. Only then does she come out of hiding, open the gate and fall into the officer's arms. No one ever asks her why she remained hidden and silent for so long with the police only a few feet away. No one asks why she didn’t open the gate and seek their protection immediately if she was in imminent fear of being killed by her husband.

No one wants to hear O.J.’s or the maid’s version of what happened, or why Michelle came outside, pleaded with Nicole to stop what she was doing and tried to pull her out of the police car by her arm. Nicole’s physical appearance and her cries of, "He’s going to kill me!" are as far as anyone can see or hear or think.

Fuhrman studies the case and figures out the real story with Nicole’s confidential confession to Ron Shipp to confirm it. The confession is only frosting on the cake. Time talks. Space talks. O.J. always talked loudly and continuously when he was extremely angry with Nicole the way he was doing when he came out of the house and saw Nicole with the police.

The time between the squad car's arrival and Nicole's emergence from hiding tells Fuhrman that she wasn't waiting there for the police. With O.J. nowhere in sight and a closed door between him and Nicole, she would have dashed for the gate immediately if O.J. had just thrown her out. But if he had beaten her, thrown her out and closed himself in behind the door she couldn't have seen him as a threat to her life when the police arrived. And if O.J. had been the one who slapped her when the emergency line was open, where was all of his shouting and cursing during the slapping and the three minutes of silence that preceded it?

Nicole's story is a poor match for the evidence, and Edwards' assumptions about the 911 call are demonstrably false. Yet, the department is following through on the complaint as though there was no rational question of O.J.'s guilt. The only thing anyone wants to know is whether the wife-beating incident is isolated to that one time or part of a pattern. Fuhrman has thus seen what will happen if Nicole's words and the condition of her body say the perpetrator was O.J. no matter what anyone or anything else might have to say. He knows that photos of her with mud on her pants and a bruise on her head will be interpreted according to the officer’s verbal description of a cut lip, a black eye and swollen face.

By paying attention to details that everyone else dismissed and reserving judgment until he was sure he had all the facts, Fuhrman knows more about what really happened than anyone, including O.J. or Nicole. He knows that Michelle’s handprint was on Nicole’s neck, Michelle pulled her hair and Michelle left the bruise on her right arm when she was trying to pull her from the police car. No one has bothered to add up all of the facts, just the obvious ones. He knows that nothing was as it appeared because of a compounding of assumptions beginning with the 911 call that made Nicole look like the victim of a violent crime perpetrated by O.J. Simpson. Even his best friend believes from the evidence he's seen that O.J. must have hit her. Plus, she did say that O.J. was going to kill her.

Change of plans. Nicole is going to die violently. The obvious killer is going to be O.J. Simpson, the wife beater.

Nobody is going to take the word of a rich black man and a lowly Filipino maid in Brentwood over the word of a white police officer and a white, female victim—especially a dead one. Everyone is going to "see" what he tells them is there whether the photographs confirm it or not. That pattern has been set. He knows what to expect. Everybody is going to see "Nordberg" as the killer, which will also kill The Naked Gun. And everyone is going to think, Othello in a blue knit cap.

Visions of Laurence Olivier and Ronald Coleman in blackface race across Fuhrman’s mind. He sees Shelly Winters in Night of the Hunter and the cake-cutting scene in The Naked Gun. Each vision pulls another behind it in tandem, like convicts linked by a single chain. He sees the long-bladed knife and the glove holding it. He sees the Swiss Army knife connection to a very unusual shoe. He sees Anthony Hopkins from Guilty Conscience on an airplane falsely accused of murder, Swoosie Kurtz following Blythe Danner into a shoe store, and "Nordberg’s" shoes on "Drebin’s" feet. He sees a letter addressed to the district attorney telling him to assume the husband's guilt in case the wife is murdered. It’s all there. Now all he has to do is put it together with only the tiniest bit of editing to fit the existing facts and circumstances. 

Fuhrman writes a letter to the Brentwood city attorney that results in Simpson’s arrest and public branding as a batterer. That letter gives every 911 call attributed to Nicole, without testimony or evidence that O.J. touched her, the same weight as the call she was assumed to have made in ’89. He knows that she didn’t make that call. He’s the only one who bothered to look at all of the evidence before deciding how it had to fit together. He now knows how little it will take for the appearance of truth to overwhelm the real thing. The ’85 incident he writes about in his letter to the city attorney can be seen as an example of spouse abuse only through the prism of what everyone thinks O.J. did to Nicole on New Year’s Day. By that standard, a loud shouting match with the right spin on it would have sufficed.

Fuhrman conducts a dress rehearsal of the killing with the murder in Brentwood of the young nightclub owner and promoter Brett Cantor. He knows that O.J. has a large collection of knives. From the autopsy report he learns that he need only choose a knife that come close to one in O.J.'s collection to incriminate him once that knife is found and stolen, and discovered sometime later with the victim's blood on it. But he sees no way for the so-called elite Robbery-Homicide unit not to be called when he kills Nicole and, therefore, no sure-fire way of being everywhere he has to be during the search when he has to be there.

He repeatedly tries to get into the unit but is repeatedly turned down. To insure that O.J. ends up on death row, Nicole is going to have to die an especially horrible death and there is going to have to be a second victim. That shouldn't be hard, with Marcus Allen, Keith Zlomsowitch and all the other men in her life who could be enticed to meet with her at the right time and place depending on O.J.'s schedule. Fuhrman has to play that card as it falls. But, if all else fails, he can always kill Nicole and Ron Shipp.

Another promising candidate for the second victim, the one whose death should put O.J. on death row, is Brett Cantor's buddy, Ron Goldman. With a little encouragement from Faye Resnick, he thinks it can be arranged. Goldman's death would make it two Jews down and one to go, one Jew for each of the producers of Airplane! and The Naked Gun. Fuhrman's only regret is that he has to settle for symbols rather than the actual men he wants so badly to see dead. Still, a Jew is a Jew, and any dead one with some connection to Hollywood and each other will have to suffice.

The Goldmans and Browns begin civil action to find O.J. responsible for killing Ron and Nicole.

Fuhrman pleads no contest to the charge of perjury. He is fined $200. Many people are angry with him for giving the black jury an excuse to free O.J. Others are more outraged by the defense team for even suggesting that Fuhrman might have been racially motivated to frame O.J. Simpson for a crime that O.J. "obviously" committed.

No black people are permitted to sit on the jury for final judgment. The judge rules that the defense cannot call Mark Fuhrman to the stand or argue that their client was framed.  O.J. loses the civil suit.

The standard of proof set down in the civil trial had become the media’s license to be openly contemptuous of anyone who expressed doubt of O.J.’s guilt. It made it easier for them to forgive Fuhrman’s sins and to be increasingly supportive of him as the celebrity he had always wanted to be. If he was the man I thought he was, the implications for African-American men—to start with—were chilling. If I could see it coming, so could he. Here was a pattern for image assassination that anyone with his foresight could see, and anyone with his ruthlessness could follow. If this was the path of the future, my trilogy wasn’t fiction; it was a sneak preview.

Most people assume they know my motive for accusing Fuhrman, an ex-Marine and Vietnam vet, of being a racist butcher of defenseless human beings. Those who know that my first nonfiction book was dedicated to Dennis Hammond, a Marine murdered in captivity by the Viet Cong, should know better. "Smartfellows" is a tribute to him, a name he coined that stands more for tolerance than it does for smarts. I’ve spent decades of my life and tens of thousands of dollars to fight the "racist murderer" image of Vietnam vets which has been falsely applied to men like Dennis and me for 30 years. Few things are as important to me as changing that image, of getting the history books right, no matter how unpopular the verdict.

Through Mark Fuhrman’s study of psychology and the history of Nazi Germany it’s likely that he ran across Stanley Milgram’s classic study on obedience to authority. You may know of it from a 1976 made-for-TV movie, starring William Shatner, called The Tenth Level.

Dr. Milgram, of Yale University, conducted his study from 1960 to 1963 to learn the mechanism by which the men in Himmler’s SS Special Group were able to function as they had in Hitler’s "final solution." To test his hypothesis that a universal force was at work, he devised an ingenious experiment involving one test subject at a time and two covert helpers.

The volunteers walked into a controlled environment where circumstantial evidence, common knowledge and common-sense assumptions were used to deceive them. They were told by an actor in a white lab coat that they were there to study the affects of negative reinforcement on learning. Another of Milgram’s confederates showed up in the guise of another volunteer.

The phony scientist told the real subject and the fake one that one of them would play the role of teacher to the other, who would act as the student. Milgram fixed the drawing to decide who would play which role so that his assistant would always be the student. The ringer’s job was to pretend to be shocked when his incorrect answers to the teacher’s questions prompted them to depressed a fake shock lever on a machine. The real test was to see how far the real subject would go in obeying the instructions of the fake scientist.

A prestigious university’s name lent credibility to what the test subjects were told about the study. The small room was partitioned so that the subject and the "scientist" were together. The "student," strapped in a chair with electrodes attached to his body and wires running to the fake shock machine on the teacher’s table, could be seen in a separate chamber through a window.

The shock box measured about a foot high, a foot deep, and two feet across. It had 30 settings grouped into ten levels of severity, ranging from 15 to 450 volts, with 30 corresponding levers to administer the shocks. It had lights, needle-gages, and it buzzed when the levers were depressed. "Before the test began," the subjects were wired to the machine with special paste between the electrode and the skin, supposedly "to help conduct electricity" and "to prevent burns." Then they were given a 45-volt jolt, supposedly to let them know how it felt. The real purpose was to convince them that the wires running to the student carried an electric current capable of inflicting severe pain.

To reinforce that idea, the first level of pain, which went up to 45 volts, was labeled "Slight Shock." The second level was "Moderate Shock." Third was "Strong Shock," fourth, "Very Strong Shock," fifth, "Intense Shock," sixth, "Extreme Intensity Shock," seven, "Danger." Milgram’s colleagues—all experts—predicted that only the rare, severely disturbed individual, would get this far. In fact, everyone in the study reached this level—meaning you and I, in their place, would almost certainly have tortured a man up to that point. The eighth level was labeled "Severe Shock." The last two had triple X’s instead of names. 65 % of the subjects went all the way to the top of the tenth level.

To get a good feel for what went on in the study, you have to keep in mind the feedback the teachers were getting from the student and the scientist. While the student showed every sign of suffering at the level indicated on the shock box, the authority figure assured the teachers that it was okay to continue shocking him. He told them to proceed even when the student complained of heart trouble and alternately begged and demanded to be released. The teachers were usually able to subordinate their own rising level of distress to accomplishing the task at hand for two reasons: 1) Trust in the integrity of the institution, and 2) A sense of duty to everyone else involved.

These were honorable men and women volunteering their time and risking possible pain and injury to themselves for the betterment of mankind. As far as they knew, they were taking the same risks coming into the study as the man who ended up in the torture chamber. The scientist reminded them of that forcefully when they balked, and gentle assurance that it was all right to continue didn’t work.

In the end, they did suffer for the betterment of mankind. They felt that they had, indeed, been a part of an important study when they were debriefed. Milgram was called on the carpet for the questionable ethics of making them endure the mental agony of thinking they were inflicting physical agony on someone else. Paradoxically, his experiment proved that none of the subjects went beyond delivering a level of shock that they felt personally responsible for. That was the common denominator he was looking for in all cruel acts of conformity, from joining a lynch mob for the purpose of murdering one or two men, to joining a "special group" to murder millions. He called it the "agentic state," a state of mind which exempts people from the responsibly of their own actions by seeing themselves as mere agents for a higher authority.

Think what higher authority means to any of us in any context. It means acknowledging the right or the sheer power of someone or something to dictate our actions. It means fear of physical or psychological punishment if we fail to go along with the program. We all have limits on the extent to which we will do what we are expected to, but the pressure to conform is strong enough to keep most of us in line most of the time. Milgram’s "agentic state" concept takes all the mystery out of why good people in great numbers—especially volunteers—do horrible things; they do it for what they believe to be a good cause.

Mark Fuhrman would have appreciated the extent to which Milgram’s most famous study owed its success to lies, misdirection and impressive-looking props. These were the tools of Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s minister of propaganda. But Goebbels didn’t invent them. Shakespeare’s villains, Richard III, Lady MacBeth, and Iago, used them all. Magicians before and after them made those techniques for creating persuasive illusions their stock in trade... You see a machine in the Psychology Department of Yale. People you trust tell you that it generates shocks. It flashes and buzzes; it gives you a shock. What do you believe?

All of the blood evidence against O.J. begins with Mark Fuhrman’s strange theory that the killer was bleeding from his left hand. Not so strange when O.J. was found to have a cut on his left hand. Take a good look at Fuhrman’s right hand. Do any of these other key pointers to O.J.’s guilt within an 8" radius of that hand make more sense as evidence that got there by accident or design?

Aaronson, Ellen—Walked past 875 South Bundy with Danny Mandel between 10:28-10:30 on the evening or June 12, without seeing the open gate, Nicole’s body, her blood or the bloody paw prints of her dog. They never heard the dog bark. That narrowed the window of opportunity too much for O.J. to have gotten rid of some evidence and done everything consistent with all of the other evidence found at Rockingham by Detective Mark Fuhrman and his partner Brad Roberts. In the civil case, the plaintiffs had to accept the timing of the murders bracketed by the testimony of Aaronson, Mandel and others because there was no credible way around it.

Abrams, Dan—Reporter/commentator for Court TV. During the criminal trial against O.J. Simpson, Abrams established himself as a national, five-star expert on the case. In the civil trial, Abrams reported that photos of O.J. wearing Bruno Magli shoes supposedly taken by a young photographer named E. J. Flammer, were "proof that O.J. Simpson is a killer." The admission of the plaintiffs’ former FBI experts under cross-examination that the photos could have been faked, did not prompt Abrams to retract his earlier statement. He had spoken the minds of the vast majority of his colleagues who have since referred to the Flammer photos as proof of O.J.’s guilt, and used them to ridicule anyone who disagrees.

Abudrahn, Michelle—O.J. Simpson’s Filipino housekeeper. She left O.J.’s employ in April, 1994 when Nicole struck her hard enough to knock her down and leave her face red and swollen. The genesis of the assault may have gone back to 1989 when Nicole told police, responding to an anonymous 911 call, that O.J. beat her with his fists, kicked her and pulled her hair. Michelle Abudrahn sided with O.J. in saying that nothing like that happened. Nicole allowed others to assume that she called 911 (see Edwards, John) but never said so herself. In O.J.’s first public comment about the episode shortly after it happened, he told an interviewer that the maid called 911 as an "overreaction" to something she heard. Evidence suggests that she did make the call, that she left the line open rather than report a problem because she was afraid that she might have been overreacting. Evidence suggests that she was the one who was heard screaming on the 911 tape, and that she was the one who slapped Nicole first—in 1989.

Adlen, Andrew—Buyer of cars auctioned and impounded by police. A business competitor (see Balasini, William) identified him as a fellow witness to the accessibility of O.J.’s Bronco in a "restricted" area of Viertel’s garage on June 21, and the lack of blood inside. Mr. Adlen was not called to testify by either side.

Akita—A breed of dog. An Akitas, Kato, and a Chow, Chachi, were owned jointly by Nicole and O.J. When the Simpsons separated, Kato went with Nicole; Chachi went with O.J. Both Nicole and O.J. frequently picked up the dog in the other’s care, O.J. transporting them mostly in his Bronco (probable source of Bronco fibers on Bundy)Kato had a habit of running off whenever the gate was opened. He was outside of the gate when the killing started. O.J. said that he took Chachi out for a walk around 10:00. The blood drop pattern at the Rockingham gate matches his account. He didn’t know when or how he was cut.

While pointing out the relationship of the blood drop on Bundy to the left of the left shoeprint, Fuhrman theorized it was the killer’s blood, and that the Akita had bitten the killer.

Alibi—A conflict in time, place or circumstance that makes it impossible for someone to have committed a crime. O.J. could not have committed the murders he was charged with. Mark Fuhrman could have. An innocent person need not have a perfect alibi. But to frame him, the people doing the framing have to know that he does not have one.

The defense team’s failure to consider the possibility that O.J. was set up by a small group of conspirators well in advance of the murders left them vulnerable to the prosecution’s argument that a police conspiracy was impossible. The sheer size of such a conspiracy, after the fact, along with the belief that none of the officers involved could have known whether or not O.J. had an alibi, gave the police an alibi.

Attorney’s for the defense and prosecution argued that O.J.’s Bronco was crucial to the question of whether or not he could have committed the murders. If the defense could show that it was in the same place before during and after the murder O.J. would have an alibi; if the prosecution could show that it wasn’t, he wouldn’t.

Neither side was able to prove its contention. However, the slight angle to the curb at which the Bronco was parked gave rise to Det. Mark Fuhrman’s theory that the driver parked it in great haste after returning from Bundy. He testified during the preliminary hearing that the back stuck out as much as "a foot" farther than the front, an angle of 10 degrees or more. The actual angle was 2 degrees, which amounts to an error too great to have been arrived at accidentally by a trained observer. Though O.J. pointed out the sharp turn he had to make to go from his drive to the street, his defense team did not match the angle that would have resulted from that turn to the angel found by police. That angle, together with the pattern of blood drops on his driveway gave him an airtight alibi.

Mark Fuhrman’s partner, Brad Roberts, characterized the droplets of blood on O.J.’s driveway as going into the compound. They couldn’t have been. The width of the gate, where it was hinged, and the width of O.J.’s body could only have meant that he left his blood on the driveway on his way out. Roberts was the only detective to get close enough to them to see whether they showed a tell-tale spread of finger-like projections from the droplets in the direction of travel. The photos didn’t show it, and the criminalists didn’t say it. The pattern itself, however, could not have been made by a man with a cut on the left side of his body as large as O.J. had when he returned from Chicago. The size of the droplets could have been made only by someone with a superficial cut, which O.J. said he had before he left for Chicago.

Allport, Dr. Gordon W.—Author of The Nature of Prejudice. Allport literally wrote the book on prejudice, from its biological, historical and cultural origins to its various manifestations and implications in predicting human behavior. Many people unfamiliar with Allport’s work believe that a white racist like Mark Fuhrman is incapable of having a black friend like Ron Shipp. Those who are familiar with Allport’s work know that allowing for exceptions to the rule is an essential component of prejudice. It is the only way to maintain the illusion of rational judgment about stereotypes or to see oneself as fair-minded in the face of obvious cases in which the rule does not apply. Allport showed how stubborn stereotypes were, partly because of how natural it is for human beings to see complete and inaccurate images when presented with partial or contradictory facts. Such facts are replete in the O.J. Simpson murder case. Only someone familiar with Allport’s work could have gotten others to "see" O.J. as a spouse-abuser and a murderer if the available evidence did not support those assertions. Without the involvement of Mark Fuhrman and Ron Shipp, the available evidence would not support that assertion. One of the difficulties in pinning Fuhrman down as the killer was in showing that he knew enough about Allport to make practical use of his discoveries. He studied enough psychology to think that he could fool the experts on the police force in 1982 and ’83. It’s difficult to see how he could have done that without knowing about Allport. The fact that he chose to put a picture in his first book that showed Marcia Clark holding a copy of The Nature of Prejudice speaks for itself.

Alonzo, Rosa Elvia—Nicole’s housekeeper. Ms. Alonzo told police that a key ring with many keys that Nicole kept on a hook in her kitchen disappeared between June 5 and June 6, 1994 (see Keys).

Allen, Marcus—Friend of O.J. Simpson and Al Cowlings. The three black men were known to socialized together in the company of white women throughout the ‘80s. Allen eventually married his blond girlfriend at O.J.’s house. Before they met in 1988, Allen would often go out with O.J. and Nicole. Kathleen Bell’s casual mention of Allen to Mark Fuhrman in 1986 is what triggered his enraged diatribe about his practice of harassing mixed couples and his fantasies of committing genocide.

Ameli, Dr. Jennifer—Clinical psychologist specializing in intimate relationships and drug abuse. Both Nicole and Ron Goldman were under her care at the time of their deaths. Ameli’s office was broken into and bugged, files were stolen and she was subjected to anonymous threats to keep her mouth shut about her knowledge of the murder victims. All she could say about one man who approached her from behind and threatened her was that he was tall.

Baden, Dr. Michael—One of the world’s leading forensic pathologists. He offered his services to the prosecution as well as the defense. The prosecution turned him down. Hired by the defense for his technical ability as well as his pristine reputation for integrity, he was ridiculed by the vast majority of media commentators for saying that Goldman could have stayed on his feet for as long as five or ten minutes after his throat was slit. Either estimate makes it impossible for O.J. to have committed the crime.

Bailey, F. Lee—Famous defense attorney and polygraph expert. Two days after the murders, he stopped O.J. from completing a polygraph test as soon as he discovered he was taking one. The reason he gave was the same one Mark Fuhrman used for waiting over a year to take his: To get a reliable reading the person being tested has to be as stress-free as possible. During Simpson’s criminal trial, Bailey maneuvered Fuhrman into committing perjury under cross-examination by asking him if he’d used the n-word or referred to any black person by that name in the past ten years. But he ruled out Fuhrman as a murder suspect because he was convinced that Fuhrman found the bloody right-hand glove at Bundy after he was called in on the case, and planted it at Rockingham to stay involved in the case.

Baker, Phillip—Attorney for O.J. Simpson. His questioning of Denise Brown uncovered a vital link between her, Ron Shipp and Faye Resnick, whom she said she didn’t know. He asked her if Shipp and Resnick were passengers in her car when she was stopped in LA for drunk driving. Her Attorney, John Kelley, told her not to answer; leaving a strong impression that any answer she gave would be incriminating. The only incriminating truthful answer she could have given would have been, yes; her only incriminating false answer would have been, no. The only logical conclusion being, she lied about her relationship with Faye Resnick and Ron Shipp, the most damaging witness against Simpson other than Mark Fuhrman and herself.

Baker, Robert—O.J.’s lead attorney in the civil trial, father of Phillip Baker. Under state legislation fashioned specifically for the Simpson case, Baker was forced to contend with devastating hearsay evidence purported to have been said or written by Nicole. Under the rulings of the presiding judge, he was not allowed to call Mark Fuhrman or to suggest that Fuhrman had anything to do with planting evidence. He was able to show how and why photos of O.J. Simpson wearing shoes identified as the killer’s could have been faked. But, by all published accounts, he showed no enthusiasm for his own argument and some writers claimed he was angry with O.J. for lying to him. Transcripts do show tension between Baker and O.J. when O.J. insisted on answering questions against his attorney’s advice. However, that advice made sense only if one assumed that he would hurt himself by answering them. He didn’t.

Barbiari, Paula—O.J. Simpson’s former girlfriend. On the morning of June 12, 1994, Barbiari left a message on Simpson’s answering machine telling him that their relationship was over. The prosecution argued that her message set off a slow-burning fuse in Simpson, which exploded that night in the rage killing of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman. They offered no proof of that scenario, their only evidence being the mood some witnesses said he was in at his daughter’s dance recital before the killing. However, a video taken without the knowledge of O.J. or any of those witnesses, showed the opposite of what they said.

Baur, Maria—Former housekeeper for O.J. and Nicole. Her husband Rolf was Nicole’s cousin, brought over from Germany by O.J. and Nicole. During her four years with Nicole and O.J. at Rockingham from 1980 to 1984, she witnessed no displays of temper by O.J., saw no bruises on Nicole and testified that her family didn’t believe her stories of O.J.’s physical abuse. She saw no evidence of it.

Baur, Rolf—Former groundskeeper for O.J. and Nicole. He lived with the Browns from the time he was 9-years-old. He worked with his wife at Rockingham for 3 years without seeing evidence that O.J. abused Nicole. He did tell investigators of seeing a picture "long before" that showed her "beaten up." He said that it was taken by her father. He didn’t say who beat her up, if anyone (see Brown, Denise) and Nicole never mentioned it to him, his wife, the police or her divorce lawyer.

Bell, Kathleen—Witness for the defense. She met Fuhrman at a Marine recruiting station in Redondo Beach in the summer of ’86. He was wearing a sweatsuit. Noting how tall he was, she wanted to fix him up with her girlfriend, Andrea Terry, who was 6’ tall. She told Fuhrman that her friend liked men who fit his general description. Terry was white, but color was not important to Bell, who gave Marcus Allen as an example (could be where he got the idea that he might be able to impersonate O.J.) of the kind of man she was talking about.

Horrified at his violent, racist reaction, she avoided him and the places she saw his pea-green and white International Harvester Scout. When she was visiting Hennessey’s Tavern in Redondo Beach with Andrea Terry, she saw Fuhrman at a table with another woman. Bell pointed him out to Terry as the reason she wanted to leave.

After saying that he did not recall meeting Bell, Fuhrman claimed that she sought him out at Hennessey’s after the alleged incident at the recruiting station, to introduce Terry to him. He then pointed out the logical inconsistency in his version of events between the two stories. Marcia Clark used that argument as the basis for calling Bell a liar, until the language and content of the McKinny tapes lent credibility to Bell’s version of what happened. Clark never apologized to Bell.

Berris, Kenneth—Chicago Policeman. He searched the room where O.J. was staying when he got the call from Detective Ron Phillips that his ex-wife had been murdered. O.J. almost certainly cut himself on purpose in that room to make it appear that he could not have left his blood at his home. Whether he actually did it by accident, as he claimed, as a panic reaction to details of the murder he wasn’t supposed to be told, or as a calculated attempt to hide evidence of his guilt, there is no doubt that he cut himself in Chicago. But when prosecutors learned that the blood drops on O.J.’s driveway came from a superficial cut (see Chapter 30: Blood Trails), and no one could testify to seeing a cut of any kind on his hand before he left, they had a problem. They were forced to argue that O.J. did not cut himself in Chicago at all. Though the bedding where the blood appeared in photos was shipped back to LA, the prosecution still used Berris’ testimony that he saw a ballpoint pen on the bed, to suggest that the red stain was red ink.

Blasier, Robert—DNA expert, defense attorney for O.J. Simpson in his criminal and civil trial. Coached Johnnie Cochran and Bob Shapiro on questions related to blood and fiber evidence. He was first to propose the theory that Mark Fuhrman found the bloody glove on Bundy and planted it on Rockingham.

Blasini, William—General manager of vehicle purchasing for a large, self-service automobile recycling center. On Tuesday, June 21, he visited Virtels garage where O.J.’s Bronco was taken on June 13. He went there as part of his routine practice of buying cars from police auctions and impounds. He’d been involved in the business for 15 years and had seen hundreds of vehicles with bloodstains inside of them. He had heard about the killings and expected to see a great deal of blood on the seats, doors, instrument panel, console and carpet. He looked for blood. Andrew Adlen, the competing buyer who was with him, also looked for blood. They discussed the absence of blood. They noticed that a section of the carpet had been cut out, but they saw no blood anywhere.

Two other people, a man who stole some receipts and a police officer who investigated the theft, also reported that they saw no blood when they were inside of the vehicle. When Marcia Clark confronted them with photos supposedly taken on the 14th of June and the 1st of August with clear indications of blood on the door, the instrument panel and the console, they conceded that they might not have noticed it. The photos did not change Blasini’s mind.

Bodziak, William—FBI footwear expert. Of all the shoes in the FBI’s extensive library, the ones that left their clear, size-12 imprint on the murder scene at Bundy were not among them. Agent Bodziak took weeks to track down the imprint and identify it as a Silga sole pattern used on rare and expensive Italian dressy/casual shoes (or boots) called Bruno Magli Lorenzos. They had soft-leather, high-quarter tops and distinctive rubber treads. Bodziak discovered that they were sold in the United States exclusively though Bloomingdale’s in 1991 and ‘92.

Bodziak was one of two FBI experts called by the prosecution to rebut the testimony of defense expert Henry Lee that a less distinct set of imprints with simple, parallel lines might also be shoeprints—the shoeprints of a smaller man with a smaller foot. When you hear that only one set of bloody shoeprints was discovered at the crime scene, you are listing to the opinions of William Bodziak (shoe expert) and Douglas Deedrick (fiber expert). Bodziak consulted his library on the second set of possible shoeprints. When he found no match, he did no further research before concluding that there were no shoes in the world that matched. He went so far as to say that Lee had misidentified a concrete impression as a surface imprint.

Bowers, Jarvis—An African-American choke hold victim of Mark Fuhrman. In 1984, when Fuhrman’s medical retirement claim was denied, his superiors assigned him to a predominately white area. There, he stopped Bowers for jaywalking, put him in a coke hold and threatened to kill him. This story was not uncovered by any of the official investigators who were supposed to be looking for evidence of Fuhrman’s abuse of power even though Bowers made an official complaint. Jeffrey Toobin reported it in his best-selling anti-O.J. book, The Run of His Life. His wife, who knew Bowers personally and professionally, told the story to him.

Brockbank, Susan—LAPD criminalist. She testified that a patch of carpet the criminalist cut from the Bronco to test for blood, was stored inside of the same battered, cardboard box as all the evidence its fibers was found on. That includes the carpet fibers found on the gloves, the knit cap and Ron Goldman’s shirt.

Brown, Denise—Older sister of Nicole Brown Simpson. She was with Nicole’s party at the Mezzaluna restaurant where her mother’s glasses disappeared shortly before the murders. Of the four adults living in her parents’ home when police called there at 6:20 a.m. to inform the family that Nicole was dead, Denise was the one who reacted first when her father answered the phone and got the horrible new. For some unexplained reason, she was up and listening in on another extension. She was the one who screamed, "O.J. did it!" the instant her father got the news. No one thought to ask her why she behaved as though she were expecting an important call before she learned of her sister’s death.

According to Joe Bosco, she was the only person who reported seeing O.J. wearing Bruno Magli Lorenzos.

She cashed in big on her sister’s murder by accusing O.J. of a pattern of abuse against Nicole typical of men who have gone on to kill their wives or ex-wives. The textbook case of spouse-abuse she presented to authorities was the one Ron Shipp taught in the police academy, the one he taught Nicole and the one Faye Resnick wrote about in her best-selling books. The similarities in the tone and language of their reports are striking. They are supported mostly by Nicole’s initial statement to police about the ‘89 incident, when she was drunk, angry, and under the false impression that O.J. had given an expensive set of earrings to another woman. They contrast strikingly with reports of others who knew them well and had nothing to gain by what they said. Those people said that Nicole was the one who did the hitting.

The only photos purporting to show Nicole battered by O.J., other than the ones taken by Officer Edwards on the 1st of January, 1989, is the one Denise said she took and her cousin Rolph Baur said that her father took. The prosecution tried to imply that it was what Nicole really looked like as a result of being beaten by O.J. in 1989, but the photographic paper showed that it couldn’t have been taken later than 1979. In this one, Nicole appeared to have been battered badly enough to require hospitalization and reconstructive surgery. O.J. said that she was wearing makeup for a part in a movie. The date on the photographic paper corresponded to the date of the movie. Still, no one questioned how it ended up with "Nicole’s" month-old will in a safe deposit box supposedly secured by Nicole shortly before her death

Brown, Dominique—Denise’s younger sister. She lived with Denise in New York before O.J. married Nicole and put her through college. Dominique had no stories to tell of Nicole being threatened or abused by O.J. However, before 1996, she was the only person other than Denise who reported having seen O.J. in Bruno Magli shoes. According to Tom Lange and Phil Vannatter’s book, Evidence Dismissed, she "made the right choice" by picking a pair of low-quarter Bruno Maglis that she said she saw him wear the Easter before the murders. Though it was reported in the book that she made the right choice (see Bruno Magli Lorenzos), that report was in error. She did not point to Bruno Magli Lorenzos. She did, however, recognize the Bruno Magli logo and took off one of her shoes to show Det. Lange that she was wearing a pair of Bruno Maglis that Nicole had purchased for herself in New York.

Brown, Juditha—Nicole’s mother, a German national who became an American citizen when she married Louis Brown. Her stories of Nicole living in fear of O.J. first surfaced after the murders—and after the family was advised that they had one year from the date of Nicole’s death to sue O.J. Simpson for wrongful death. She forgot exculpatory information about O.J.’s relationship with Nicole, and remembered incriminating facts incompletely or out of context. Her stories changed to conform to those told by her oldest daughter, the police, the prosecutors and the media. By the time the civil case came around, she had changed completely from a mother who doubted that her former son-in-law was guilty, despite the evidence against him, to one who had been certain of his guilt from the start.

In regard to Nicole’s credibility, she once said, "Nicole could convince anyone of anything." Her own credibility was damaged beyond hope of repair when Robert Baker caught her gently in a significant contradiction. She told the jury that O.J. did not deny, being involved in Nicole’s death when she asked him if he had anything to do with it. She quoted him as saying, "I loved your daughter," and nothing more. But in a taped statement she made in her first television interview she quoted him as saying, "No, I loved your daughter."

Brown, Louis—Nicole’s Father. He accepted everything O.J. gave him, which included his successful business and wealthy life-style, without complaint about the older man’s treatment of his daughter. He accepted money from the public, complaining about the extra cost of taking care of Nicole’s children without acknowledging the fact that O.J., while he was in jail, was sending him $10,000 a month. He tried to sell pictures of Nicole in the nude and rights to her alleged diary. He referred to her children, in their presence, as "niggers." He answered the phone when police called to inform the family of Nicole’s violent death.

The will that Nicole supposedly left in a safe deposit box (no one at the bank ever testified to seeing and talking to her in person about the box) left nearly three-quarters of a million dollars to her father. Louis Brown also authenticated the diary Nicole supposedly wrote that paints a picture of O.J. as the Devil himself and helped win the plaintiffs a multi-million dollar wrongful death settlement.

Brown, Tanya—Nicole’s youngest sister. Although convinced of O.J.’s guilt, Tanya did not describe O.J. in the menacing way her mother or her older sister did. She called him, "A wonderful guy."

Buffalo Bills Report—The newsletter for the Buffalo Bills football team fan club. E. J. Flammer was working for the Buffalo Bills Report when he took the 30 photos showing O.J. in the murderer’s shoes. One reason Dan Abrams was so impressed with Flammer’s photos, was the assertion of Bills’ PR director Denny Lynch that one was printed in the Report ten months before the murders. No subscriber to the newsletter ever came forward with his or her own copy of it. That never became an issue for the media, whose purchase of them for an undisclosed, amount of money, gave them a proprietary interest in promoting their authenticity.

The photos were admitted into evidence only after the photo expert for the defense made fundamental errors in fraud-detection that could easily be rebutted. That, in turn, caused the photos to come in so late that it was impossible for the defense to mount a counter-attack as dramatic as the introduction of the photos. Still, Bob and Phillip Baker managed to show that all of the requirements for fake photos were met in the professional qualifications and motivations of the people involved. The plaintiffs did not produce a single witness other than Flammer and Scull to testify to having seen any of them before the murders.

Cale, Charles—The spokesman for a group of O.J.’s Rockingham neighbors who wanted him out of the neighborhood. He testified in the criminal trial that he was walking his dog past the Rockingham estate during the time Marcia Clark said it was missing. He said under direct that he had a clear view of Rockingham and did not see the Bronco. He said under cross that he also had a clear view of Ashford where Kato’s Nissan was parked. He said that he didn’t see the Nissan, either. He was not prosecuted for perjury or called as a witness in the civil trial.

California State Court of Appeals—When Laura Hart McKinny’s tapes of Mark Fuhrman proved that he lied under oath, O.J.’s defense asked Judge Ito to instruct the jury as to why the detective was not called back to testify. Ito agreed with the defense and the prosecution appealed his decision. The Appeals Court agreed with the prosecution and issued the judge a public rebuke. The higher court was so concerned about Fuhrman’s rights in this regard that it issued a special order for Ito not to tell the jury why he was dismissed prematurely. By affirming Mark Fuhrman’s right against self-incrimination for perjury, the Court of Appeals allowed to stand, his incriminating testimony against Simpson. Most of that testimony and the fruit of his efforts regarding that testimony still stands in the popular culture as "proof of O.J.’s guilt."

Cantor, Brett—Nightclub owner, promoter, West LA murder victim. Nicole and Faye Resnick were frequent visitors to his Dragonfly club. Ron Goldman worked for him briefly and also partied at the Dragonfly with Nicole and Faye. Someone killed him at home in a manner similar to Ron, with multiple stabbing and slashing wounds. Like Nicole, he was nearly decapitated.

These similarities could be written off as meaningless coincidence except for the fact that they fit a requirement for a military-style assassination. It’s not likely that anyone trained in military operations would carry out a life or death mission without detailed planning that included extensive intelligence gathering, dry runs, and a "dress rehearsal."

The bloody assault on Cantor occurred five months before a man who was following Nicole and keeping a detailed log of her daily activities got arrested for steeling Paula Barbiari’s white sports utility vehicle (see Wasz, William). Because of his father’s standing as a well-known agent in the entertainment business, the Robbery/Homicide Division was called in to investigate. His murder was never solved. It also provided a preview of the legal apparatus that would be called into action in any high-profile murder in Brentwood.

Casio—A character in Shakespeare’s Othello. Iago, who was jealous of Casio for passing him over as General Othello’s second in command, set him up to make Othello believe that he was having an affair with Othello’s wife, Desdemona. Iago contrived to have him and Desdemona murdered. The attack on Casio was botched and he survived (see Rodrigo).

Chain of custody—A procedure for safeguarding the integrity of evidence from collection to testing. American military servicemen in Vietnam were given urine tests to determine if they were using illegal drugs. The troops who were taking those drugs regularly beat the test by substituting drug-free samples from other servicemen for their own. By 1975 when Mark Fuhrman served aboard ship in Vietnam as a military policeman, this simple substitution trick was well known to military police in all branches of the service. Blood evidence in the O.J. Simpson case was subject to the same false identification for the same reason: there was no procedure in place to insure that the samples being tested had an unbroken connection to the source.

Clark, Marcia—Deputy DA for Los Angeles County. The week before the murders, she headed a department of her own, but took a substantial cut in pay and power to work for Bill Hodgman of the Major Crimes Unit of the LA County DA’s Office. Like its elite Robbery/Homicide counterpart in the LAPD, the Major Crimes Unit of the LADA Office was where all high-profile cases in Los Angeles ended up. Clark had a reputation for bending over backwards to help police and to prosecute men accused of spouse-abuse. She was particularly well known for helping police clean up illegal searches, taking calls at any time or any place to assist a detective in need of remedial action.

The DA’s office had many deputy DA’s who would not have approached the case against O.J. with her single-minded interest in equating a "search for truth" with her search for evidence of his guilt. None of them belonged to the Major Crimes Unit. It would have been easy for a detective to insure that Marcia Clark would be called in on the case at the very beginning, and that a like-minded team would be assembled around her. He needed only to understand the system and to bend a few rules on search and seizure.

Cocaine—The illegal drug thought by many to be the cause of the South Bundy murders. At one time or another, O.J., Nicole, Denise, Faye Resnick, Ron Goldman, Ron Shipp and Keith Zlomawitz were all subjects of police investigations involving cocaine. William Wasz, the man who stole Paula Barbiari’s car and made a detailed log of Nicole’s daily activities, was a crack addict. Mark Fuhrman worked in a gang/narcotics unit from 1885-’87 where he made numerous arrests for crimes involving cocaine, and may have had O.J. under surveillance for drug trafficking in ‘85. Michelle Kestler, head of the LAPD’s Scientific Investigation Division (SID) had a background in illegal drugs, including cocaine. She set up the lab security procedures primarily to guard against the theft of narcotics. Her only safeguard against evidence tampering by police was a standard lock on an ordinary door and a limited number of authorized keys.

Aspects of the murders consistent with a drug hit were seized upon by the defense as evidence that drug lords committed the murders. Their investigation of Faye Resnick focused on her possible connection to vicious drug dealers. No attempts were made to link her to Mark Fuhrman or Brad Roberts. No attempt was made to determine if there was a direct link between Kestler and Fuhrman or Fuhrman and Yamauchi (see Yamauchi), the lab technician who prepared the blood samples for analysis by outside laboratories.

Cochran, Johnnie L. Jr.—O.J.’s lead defense attorney, Court TV talk show host, and first cousin of Ron Shipp. The record is clear that he acted not only brilliantly but also honorably in defense of O.J. Simpson. The idea that he performed cynically, rests on the belief that he knew O.J. was guilty, and used the charge of racism as an emotional smokescreen to hide the truth (see Race Card).

Cochran was excoriated by some Jewish commentators and organizations for his equation of Mark Fuhrman to the ambitious Adolph Hitler before the Jewish Holocaust. He was further criticized for asking the "black jury" to "send a message" that "genocidal racists" like Fuhrman would not be tolerated in positions of power in America. There is, however, evidence that Fuhrman did pattern himself after Hitler, and did identify with the notion of Aryan superiority and racial purity. There is evidence that Nicole’s "German blood" had much to do with his obsession with the father of her children. There is evidence that Fuhrman did study Hitler’s principles of mass mind control, and did aspire to a position of political influence in America.

In his book, Journey to Justice, Cochran apologized for his remarks.

Colby, Carl—Neighbor of Nicole when she lived on Gretna Green in 1993. Called as a stalking witness against O.J., Colby revealed under cross-examination that he didn’t recognize O.J. Simpson when he saw him around Nicole’s house. He called 911 because the man he saw was black. Colby didn’t think a black man belonged in the neighborhood. He found out that the man was O.J. when Nicole told him that he was there because she was worried about someone following her (see Wasz, William), and asked O.J., among others, to look out for her and the kids.

Coleman, Lucienne—Deputy DA, former friend of Marcia Clark. She believed that O.J.’s defense team was making false charges of racism and evidence planting against Mark Fuhrman until she checked it out. She, and two other deputy DA’s, found that he openly admired the ideas and symbols of Nazi Germany. Coleman and the other deputy DA’s investigating Fuhrman learned from several officers that his statements to them a few years before the murders suggested that he’d had an intimate relationship with Nicole. At the very least, his knowledge of her breast implant surgery showed a special interest in her that predated her death, and, by implication, a special interest in O.J. Simpson. When she reported her findings to Marcia Clark and her boss Bill Hodgman, Clark screamed at her and kicked her out of the office. Hodgman "did not recall" the incident.

Cowlings, Allen C.—O.J. Simpson’s best friend and a trusted friend of Nicole. He drove O.J. in the so-called "low-speed chase," pleading with him not to take his own life. His candid answers to police, prosecutors, judges and juries, which didn’t always help O.J., made him a credible witness.

He took Nicole to St. John’s Hospital in Santa Monica on the evening of the ‘89 incident when she complained of a headache. Seeing the bruise on her head, which had risen to a large bump, he was worried that she might have suffered a concussion. He and O.J. had been friends since childhood, and he had never known O.J. to do what Nicole said he did. However, the bump on her head, the dirt on her pants, her trip to the police station, her complaint of a headache and her angry insistence that she was "going to get O.J. for what he did" to her, convinced him that O.J. must have hit her.

It angered him, and he advised her "to go all the way." He did not know that Nicole had gone after Michelle in a jealous rage after confronting O.J. with what she thought was proof of his infidelity. Therefore, it could not have occurred to him that "what O.J. did to her," how he had hurt her and what she was so angry about, was something other than him hitting her. The doctor who examined her, stitched no cut or torn skin, applied no dressings, prescribed no medication. Nicole was left with no scars or injuries Cowlings saw no blood, no black eye, no cut lip. He saw no marks on her body that were inconsistent with O.J.’s story of a rough, angry wrestling match between a strong, determined woman and a bigger, stronger man.

Darden Christopher—Deputy DA. He was seen by many African-Americans as a token chosen because of his color to diffuse the issue of racial prejudice in the prosecution’s handling of the case. Darden, whose job it had been for awhile to prosecute bad cops, was extremely reluctant to accept any evidence that pointed to race as a motive for police misconduct. As a prosecutor in the case against O.J. Simpson he accepted all of the charges of spouse-abuse made against him with little or no evidence. He viciously attacked Rosa Lopez and Robert Heidstra with questions designed only to call attention to their limited education and lower socio-economic status. For his success in taking advantage of their fear of him and their poor command of the language, he was rewarded by expert commentator opinion that he "discredited" Rosa Lopez and got Robert Heidstra to admit he saw "a white Bronco" driving away from Bundy.

The fact that Ms. Lopez held her own against Darden when she got a competent interpreter, did not make a big impression with the press. The fact that Heidstra did not say he saw a white Bronco, and the vehicle he did see was heading away from O.J.’s Rockingham estate, was similarly played down or ignored. What did get attention was Darden’s attempt to get Heidstra to say he heard "a black man" arguing with a younger man at the crime scene and his plea to keep Fuhrman’s use of the n-word away from the jurors. He is best remembered for his disastrous glove demonstration, which allowed Johnnie Cochran to argue, "If it doesn’t fit, you must acquit."

Deedrick, Douglas—FBI hair and fiber expert. Testified that hair in the knit cap found at the murder scene and in both bloody gloves was consistent with O.J. Simpson’s. His most damaging testimony, however, concerned parallel line imprints on the envelope on Bundy that defense expert Henry Lee identified as being a possible shoeprint. According to Deedrick, the pattern of lines in question were most likely left by Ron Goldman’s trousers. He was the second FBI agent (see Bodziak, William) to claim that Dr. Lee erred in seeing possible evidence of two people involved in the killing.

Desdemona—The wife falsely accused of infidelity in Shakespeare’s play, Othello. As part of the setup to make Othello believe that she was having an affair with Casio, Iago planted the idea in Othello’s mind that he had good reason to be jealous. To convince him, he planted subtle suggestions that innocent behavior on the part of Casio and Desdemona was actually guilty behavior. To cap it off, Iago used a duplicate of a distinctive handkerchief Othello had given to Desdemona and she had lost, to give to Casio. He then maneuvered Othello into secretly observing Casio with the handkerchief. The sight was so upsetting to Othello that it triggered an epileptic seizure. But he still wasn’t convinced until Iago persuaded him to ask Desdemona if she still had handkerchief, knowing that she would lie about it to protect herself from Othello’s anger. She did. Her lie is what sealed her doom, by convincing Othello that she was a liar and Iago must have been telling the truth.

Dietz, Park—FBI profiler and forensic psychiatrist. Using only the prosecution’s idea of evidence that O.J. beat Nicole, Dietz lent the credibility of his association with the FBI as well as Harvard and Johns Hopkins, to characterize Simpson as a spouse-abuser. He said that O.J. would have continued to abuse Nicole with no reliable data that he ever did. Even at that, he could not find a pattern of escalation that matched the profile of a would-be killer. His expert testimony was allowed despite the fact that he never examined Simpson himself (see Walker, Dr. Lenore).

Douroux, Bernie—Driver of the truck that towed O.J.’s Bronco to the impound garage (see Viertels). By the time he hooked up the Bronco, the sun was up and the news was out that the Bronco might have been involved in a bloody homicide. He had a clear view of the vehicle’s interior under the best possible lighting conditions. He testified that he saw now blood in the Bronco.

Dream Evidence—(See Ron Shipp). In Shakespeare’s play, Othello, the villain, Iago, tells the tittle character of his wife’s infidelity by way of a dream Casio supposedly divulged to him while he was asleep.

Dunne, Dominick—Staff writer for Vanity Fair magazine. He wrote a best-selling book in the ‘80s about a murder in Connecticut, which was tied to the Kennedy family. As an author commissioned to write a book about the Brentwood murders, he was granted a permanent seat in Judge Ito’s courtroom. A frequent talk show guest, his opinions, together with fellow permanent seat-holder, Jeffrey Toobin, and talk-show host, Geraldo Revera, form a large body of what most people believe about O.J. Simpson. Dunne sat with the Goldman’s during the criminal trial and became friends with Mark Fuhrman, whose second book is about the murder in Connecticut that made Dunne a best-selling writer. He called Fuhrman’s first book about the murder that forever linked Fuhrman’s name to O.J. Simpson’s downfall, "...wonderful."

EDTA—The chemical used in purple-top test tubes to keep blood from clotting. When Nurse Thano Peratis drew O.J. Simpson’s blood directly from his body, he put it in a purple-top test tube and shook it up to allow the EDTA blood preservative coating the sides to mix with the blood. O.J.’s defense team reasoned that a simple, straightforward way of determining whether or not his blood was planted in incriminating places, was to see if blood collected in those places on untreated cloth swatches contained EDTA.

The prosecutors leaped to accept the challenge, announcing that they were confident no EDTA would be found. Deputy DA Rockney Harmon was on loan to the LA County prosecutors from Alameda for his expertise in DNA. He wrote to Agent Roger Martz of the FBI crime lab requesting that he test samples of evidence "to refute defense charges" that blood from Nicole’s reference vial as well as O.J.’s had been planted. They refused to send Martz samples of the Bundy blood drops identified as O.J.’s because they said they didn’t have enough to go around. When the results came back positive from the samples they did send, they refused to accept them or call experts to support their reasons for not accepting them. They argued, instead, that it would take too much time and prove nothing.

The defense then called Martz as well as its own expert witness, Dr. Fredric Reiders, the world’s leading expert on EDTA. Martz confirmed the presence of EDTA but said that the amount could have occurred naturally in O.J.’s blood. Reiders said that anyone with that amount of EDTA in his blood would bleed to death from a minor cut because the blood would not clog. Since O.J. had flown all the way to Chicago with a minor cut, and all the way back to LA with a major one, the blood in question could not have come directly from his body if Reiders was correct.

Edwards, John—One of two LAPD officers who responded to the infamous 911 call at Rockingham in 1989 (see Abudrahn, Michelle and Gilbert, Sharyn). Edwards and his partner, rookie trainee Patricia Milewski, were patrolling near the Simpson estate when they got a call from emergency operator Sharyn Gilbert. Gilbert told the officers that she had heard screams on an open line and that a woman was being beaten. She did not tell them that the woman being beaten had made the call or that only one woman was involved. Gilbert and Edwards assumed these things, which seemed apparent from the information they had to work with. Edwards and Milewski then heard something over their radio about "...a black male," not knowing that an operator next to Gilbert was describing another emergency.

The officers hurried to 360 N. Rockingham under the assumption that a woman being physically assaulted by a black man had somehow managed to call 911, and they were going to her rescue.

The patrol car went past the Rockingham gate and pulled into the drive on Ashford. Only after Edwards told the maid on the intercom what he thought was going on, did Nicole emerge from the bushes and fall into his arms with a story to tell that matched his impression. He then saw O.J. Simpson, a black male, enraged and outraged that the police would want to treat his idea of a minor incident like a criminal act. Edwards saw a man who couldn’t see anything wrong with beating his wife. He saw all the evidence of a battered wife—including a black eye that didn’t show up on any of the photos he took of her face, and a one inch cut on her lip that didn’t show up on the photos, didn’t bleed, and left no scar.

Nicole had a bruise on the underside of her right arm. Though O.J. couldn’t explain it, he took responsibility for it, assuming that it must have happened during their tussle. He was not present when Michelle went to the right, rear door of the police car and tried to pull Nicole out by her right arm. More than likely, that bruise, which Edwards did not report, happened then, in the excitement of the moment when Michelle applied more pressure to the arm than anyone realized.

A bruise on Nicole’s collar was consistent with O.J.’s story of grabbing her in a headlock and shoving her out of their bedroom. The imprint of someone’s fingers that Edwards said he saw on the side of Nicole’s neck, was consistent with the slapping sound recorded off of Gilbert’s emergency line. The fact that it didn’t show up in any photos or require any treatment was consistent with a blow that didn’t have much power behind it—like the slap of a small woman. The story Nicole told of O.J. pulling her hair is more consistent with what a woman would do to another woman in a fight—except for the story that Mark Fuhrman told in the McKinny tapes. In that incident, which supposedly happened in 1978, he boasted of grabbing a criminal suspect’s girlfriend by her hair and flinging her down a flight of stairs.

Entrenching Tool—A spade-like tool with a short handle and sharp, folding blade used by soldiers as a spade or a pick to dig holes in the ground. It can also be used as a weapon in hand-to-hand combat. It was one of the many weapons falsely reported to have been found, with blood on it, around O.J. Simpson’s home or his hotel in Chicago. The cumulative affect of such reports was to reinforce the idea that O.J. Simpson was a murderer, notwithstanding later demonstrations that the reports had no basis in fact. Reports not given the attention of the entrenching tool as a demonstrable error, have been repeated so often as true that few people have bothered to track down their source (see Blood Trail, Blue/Black Fibers).

Envelope—The envelope containing Juditha Brown’s prescription glasses. The known size of the envelope and its position next to Mark Fuhrman’s shoe in the full-size photograph of him pointing to the bloody glove at Bundy makes it possible to calculate his shoe size precisely. Juditha Brown thought that she had left her glasses behind at Mezzaluna’s. They could just as easily have been stolen by someone at the table and put next to the curb outside where they could be found later as an excuse for Ron to show up "unexpectedly" at Bundy (see Brown, Denise).

FBI—Federal Bureau of Investigation. Before the O.J. Simpson trial, almost everyone in the country saw the FBI’s lab facilities and experts in charge as the world’s best at finding and analyzing the relevant facts. The mere invocation of FBI credentials was enough to create the universal expectation that the truth would be sought with the most sophisticated equipment and the highest standards of professional conduct anywhere in the world. The man most responsible for that reputation in the FBI lab was Dr. Henry Lee, who established and oversaw the polices and practices which made that universal perception a reality for many years.

During the O.J. Simpson criminal trial, the prosecution, in an official letter, called upon the FBI to prove that their evidence against the accused was precisely what it appeared to be. Despite all reason and all evidence to the contrary, that is what every expert representative of the FBI did in both trials and in a polygraph test taken by Mark Fuhrman at the behest of his publishers. In all, six FBI agents or former agents offered testimony against Simpson. A former polygraph expert for the FBI (see Minor, Paul) lent his credentials to the publishers of Mark Fuhrman’s first book by testing Fuhrman without independent witnesses and declaring that he told the truth. Henry Lee and Fredric Whitehurst, the only experts associated with the FBI to offer testimony for the defense, were either restricted in their ability to examine evidence or prohibited from testifying.

Ferrell, Mike—The detective assigned to investigate Nicole’s ‘89 battering complaint against O.J. Though Nicole declined to press charges against O.J., California law required the police to arrest the accused if the alleged victim appeared to be injured. If they had independent verification of the charge, they were required by law to bring charges of their own. Ferrell had three witnesses, two who said that there was no battery on the day of the incident, and all three who agreed the next day that it wasn’t as bad as it had appeared. He had physical evidence that could have been read either way until you took a cold, hard looked at it both ways.

To show the city attorney that this was truly a case of a spouse-abuser’s latest assault, as opposed to one drunken fight that got out of hand, he asked other officers who had responded to previous 911 calls at Rockingham if they had seen anything like it. His only response came in Mark Fuhrman’s letter describing his version of the ‘85 incident with O.J., Nicole, and the baseball bat. That was the basis upon which O.J. pled "No contest" to the complaint Nicole made against him on New Years Day 1989 but refused to bring charges the next day . There was no record of a 911 call made from Rockingham in ‘85, no statement by Nicole that she made one (she called Westec), and no other police officer, including Fuhrman’s partner, told Ferrall a similar story.

Fenjves, Pablo—Neighbor of Nicole Brown Simpson. He heard a dog’s "plaintive wail" at 10:15 or 10:20 on the night of the murders. Ignoring all evidence that the dog was silent until 15-20 minutes later, Marcia Clark used Fenjves’ estimate of the time he heard the dog, based on his impression of when a news program began and ended, to mark when the killings at Bundy began. Without that extra time, O.J. could not have committed the crime. He could not have left all of the evidence that was left at Rockingham, cleaned up or disposed of all the evidence that wasn’t found anywhere, and been clean, dressed and ready to go to the airport when he was seen by the limo driver at 10:54. The plaintiffs in the civil trial made up for the time problem by assuming the killing was over in seconds, that Kato Kaelin’s estimate of when he heard the thumps were off by five or ten minutes, and "someone" cleaned up after O.J. It worked. O.J. lost.

Ferrara, Rachel—Friend of Kato Kaelin. Kaelin was talking to her on the telephone when he heard and felt three hard thumps no later than 10:45. Both Kaelin and Ferrara estimated that the thumps occurred ten or fifteen minutes after they checked the time at 10:30. Ferrara estimated that the call ended at 10:50. If she was correct, it would have been impossible for O.J. to have committed the crime.

Fischman, Cora and Ron—Close friends of O.J. and Nicole. Cora was Nicole’s jogging partner and confidante. She attended the children’s dance recital with Nicole, Denise, Dominique, O.J. and her husband Ron. She reported nothing strange in O.J.’s behavior at the recital. She recalled (incorrectly) that he was wearing loafers without socks. She talked her husband into taking a picture of O.J. with Sydney. That picture, which Denise did not learn about until the trial, is the only thing that stands in the way of the shoes he wore to the recital being falsely, but convincingly identified as Bruno Magli Lorenzos. They fit the general description of the killer’s Lorenzos, but Ron Fischman’s picture proved that they were a different brand.

The police, the FBI and the prosecutors assumed that O.J. left the clear imprints of "his" Bruno Maglis in blood because he wasn’t thinking about them. Nevertheless, the killer had to be thinking about the shoes he wore to the recital to come so close to what they looked like. O.J. had no way of knowing whether the photo Ron Fischman took of him three hours before the killing would include the shoes. In any case, he had no reason to take them off and put on a pair that might look the same to eyewitnesses like Cora and Denise.

On the weekend before Nicole was murdered, Cora was with her when Nicole discovered that two identical keys to her house and gate were missing. Cora could not remember whether Nicole kept one key or two on a ring attached to a chain on her gate when they went running. But she did recall Nicole saying that she thought O.J. had them, then changing her mind and deciding that Faye had them. The keys the maid said were missing around that time were on a ring with many keys (see Keys).

Flammer, E. J.—Freelance photographer. He was one of two 20-year-old photographers (see Scull, Harry) who claimed to have taken photos of O.J. Simpson wearing Bruno Magli Lorenzos at a Bills/Dolphins game on September 26, 1993. Both men hired the same agent to sell their photos to the media (see McCelroy, Rob). E.J. Flammer came forward with his photos in the last week of December 1996, after the defense’s only photo expert made errors that proved he didn’t know how the photos were faked.

Flammer, Ed—The Father of E. J. He arranged for his son to take the ‘93 photos as part of a special celebration he organized for O.J. He was one of the five men in the group photo, which showed O.J. wearing the Bruno Maglis. Two of the remaining four were close friends of his. The other two were the public relations director and assistant director for the Buffalo Bills (see Lynch, Denny and Munson, Bill), the only people with the resources to insure that no other photos where taken that day of O.J.’s shoes.

Fuhrman, Mark—First detective on the Bundy murder scene, responsible for making Rockingham a murder scene as well. His negative influence on O.J. Simpson’s life went back to a minor intrusion in the last quarter of 1985, that he turned into a "pattern of abuse" in the first month of 1989. With only three years of experience as a homicide detective and being off call for that night, he was, nevertheless, the first one called by his boss Ron Phillips who misrepresented himself in the criminal trial as being Fuhrman’s partner. Fuhrman’s real partner was Brad Roberts, who had less experience as a homicide detective than Fuhrman did. Between them, they found, highlighted, or interpreted every scrap of evidence linking Simpson to the Bundy crime scene (note: the blue/black fibers said by Marcia Clark to have come from a blue/black sweatsuit, do not link O.J. to the murder scene). If O.J. didn’t murder the people he was accused of murdering, Fuhrman and Roberts, with only two or three other active plotters, were the only ones who could have.

Fujisaki, Hiroshi—The judge in the civil case. He ruled consistently in favor of the plaintiffs. He allowed hearsay evidence attributed to Nicole by way of a phone call and written documents to be presented against O.J. without authentication that they were what they were reported to be. He allowed the Flammer photographs to be presented late in the case as evidence that O.J. wore the Bruno Magli Lorenzos during a football game on October 26, 1993 without giving the defense adequate time to prepare an aggressive defense. He denied the defense the opportunity to question Mark Fuhrman or to argue that he had anything to do with the evidence against Simpson. He denied the defense the opportunity to challenge Faye Resnick’s drug habit, and therefore her credibility. He denied them the opportunity to argue that O.J. was framed.

Fung, Dennis—LAPD criminalist. He supervised the collection of evidence at Bundy and Rockingham beginning with Rockingham. He got there at 7:00 a.m. when it was light enough to see the blood drops on the driveway but not light enough to see their direction. That question was answered for him immediately by Mark Fuhrman and his partner Brad Roberts who told the cop by the gate and everyone entering the property to watch out for the blood drops going up the driveway.

When Roberts, began to lay down markers for the location of O.J.’s blood drops, Fung stopped him. His poor record keeping made him vulnerable to attack on several fronts by defense attorney Barry Scheck in the vital areas of chain of custody, compromise and contamination of evidence. By not counting and recording the number of swatches used to collect blood samples, for instance, he made it possible for blood samples to be switched before testing. Samples collected by his subordinate, Andrea Mazzola, showed clear signs of being switched.